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Autor	Marzena Kacprzak, Agnieszka Król, Marta Radziszewska
Tytuł	European Integration Influence on the Development of Human Capital of Small and Medium Enterprises in Poland
Title	European Integration Influence on the Development of Human Capital of Small and Medium Enterprises in Poland
Słowa kluczowe	human capital, small and medium enterprises, European integration, EU assistance programs, EU funds
Key words	human capital, small and medium enterprises, European integration, EU assistance programs, EU funds
Abstrakt	Enterprises from the SME sector significantly affect the quality of human capital in Poland and the standards of their management are rising every year. The aim of this article is to present the essence and specifics of human capital of SMEs, showing the impact of European integration on the devel-opment of human capital in this sector. In addition, the authors focus on finding the answer to the question whether employers willingly reach for EU funding (sources of knowledge, forms, types of funding, barriers to access to funds) to be able to support and develop human capital that they have in the long run. The study was carried out by a survey method. The analysis made allowed to formu-late the following conclusions. Entrepreneurs willingly undertake to raise funds from EU funds. Re-spondents were convinced that EU funds help in the development of their businesses, although ob-taining funding alone is not easy. The respondents pointed to barriers, which include complicated and lengthy procedures, as well as low availability of information.
Abstract	Enterprises from the SME sector significantly affect the quality of human capital in Poland and the standards of their management are rising every year. The aim of this article is to present the essence and specifics of human capital of SMEs, showing the impact of European integration on the devel-opment of human capital in this sector. In addition, the authors focus on finding the answer to the question whether employers willingly reach for EU funding (sources of knowledge, forms, types of funding, barriers to access to funds) to be able to support and develop human capital that they have in the long run. The study was carried out by a survey method. The analysis made allowed to formu-late the following conclusions. Entrepreneurs willingly undertake to raise funds from EU funds. Re-spondents were convinced that EU funds help in the development of their businesses, although ob-taining funding alone is not easy. The respondents pointed to barriers, which include complicated and lengthy procedures, as well as low availability of information.
Cytowanie	Kacprzak M., Król A., Radziszewska M. (2018) European Integration Influence on the Development of Human Capital of Small and Medium Enterprises in Poland.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 4: 236-249
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n4_s236.pdf

Autor	Anna Mazurkiewicz, Katarzyna Szara
Tytuł	THE ROLE OF HUMAN, SOCIAL AND CREATIVE CAPITALS IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Title
Słowa kluczowe	human capital, social capital, creative capital, development
Key words
Abstrakt	Socio-economic development is a process of quantitative and qualitative changes that increase phenomena in the economic, social and cultural areas. Various types of capital, including human and social capitals, support this development. These capitals are often described in literature. Less information on the subject of creative capital derived from the Florida’s theory is available in the subject matter literature. The aim of the paper is to identify the role of human, social and creative capitals in socio-economic development. Against the background of the capitals characteristics, their similarities and differences were pointed out. Human capital is substitutive against social and creative ones. However, these two capitals have a complementary character in relation to human nature. The identified roles of the three capitals described in the comparative dimension in the aspect of a commune, a region and a country development are an original contribution to the paper.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Mazurkiewicz A., Szara K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s273.pdf

Autor	Anna Mazurkiewicz, Katarzyna Szara
Tytuł	CREATIVITY AS A STIMULANT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE PODKARPACKIE VOIVODESHIP
Title
Słowa kluczowe	creativity, region, development
Key words
Abstrakt	In social and economic development, significance is primarily attributed to endogenous resources. The local conditions should play a key role in it. One of the characteristic features of the region and at the same time a key one is human capital which conditions the occurrence of creative capital. In the paper, creativity – as a resource appropriate to people, a feature of the individual – its potential for creative achievements currently or in the future will be analysed through the prism of creative capital. The aim of the article is to evaluate the conditions for the development of creative capital of the Podkarpackie municipalities in the context of their social and economic development. The evaluation will be made in regard to human resources. In order to achieve the goal of the study, the literature of the subject was analysed, numerical data published by the Central Statistical Office was used, and empirical studies were carried out in the offices of the Podkarpackie municipalities. The results of the conducted research showed that there are conditions favourable to the development of creative capital in the region. The majority of the inhabitants of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship municipalities saw the importance of creativity for the development of the commune.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Mazurkiewicz A., Szara K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s287.pdf

Autor	Monika Pawłowska, Artur Stefański
Tytuł	Analiza wpływu rolników jako grupy kredytobiorców na rentowność i bezpieczeństwo banków spółdzielczych w Polsce w latach 2012-2017
Title	THE ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE FARMERS, AS DEBTORS, HAVE ON THE PROFITABILITY AND SOLVENCY OF COOPERATIVE BANKS IN POLAND BETWEEN 2012-2017
Słowa kluczowe	banki spółdzielcze, rolnicy, rentowność, wypłacalność
Key words	cooperative banks, farmers, profitability, solvency
Abstrakt	Głównym celem artykułu jest ocena znaczenia rolników jako kredytobiorców oraz wpływu tej grupy klientów na rentowność i bezpieczeństwo banków spółdzielczych w  Polsce w latach 2012-2017. Analizę oparto na danych kwartalnych z okresu od grudnia 2012 do czerwca 2017 roku (19 obserwacji).Postawiono następujące hipotezy: udział rolników w strukturze kredytów banków spółdzielczych maleje (H1), spadek udziału kredytów dla rolników w kredytach ogółem w bankach spółdzielczych powoduje spadek rentowności, mierzony wskaźnikiem ROA, a siła tej korelacji jest co najmniej umiarkowana (H2), spadający udział rolników w portfelu kredytowym banków spółdzielczych jest dodatnio skorelowany z poziomem łącznego współczynnika wypłacalności oraz współczynnika kapitałowego Tier-1 i że jest to korelacja co najmniej o umiarkowanej sile (H3).Przeprowadzone badania pozwalają na wysunięcie następujących wniosków: udział kredytów dla rolników w  łącznym portfelu kredytowym w bankach spółdzielczych w Polsce spada, jest on skorelowany z poziomem rentowności aktywów, korelacja jest dodatnia, a jej siła co najmniej umiarkowana, jednocześnie jest ujemnie skorelowany z poziomem współczynnika wypłacalności oraz współczynnika kapitałowego Tier-1. Zatem pozytywnie zweryfikowane zostały dwie z trzech postawionych hipotez.
Abstract	The main objective of the article is to assess of the importance of farmers as debtors and the influence of this group of clients on the profitability and security of cooperative banks in Poland between 2012-2017. The analysis was based on quarterly data between December 2012 and June 2017 (19 observations). The following hypotheses were introduced: the share of farmers in the credit structure of cooperative banks decreases (H1), the decrease in the farmers’ credit share in the total number of credits in cooperative banks lowers their profitability measured by the ROA index, and the correlation magnitude is at least moderate (H2), the decreased share of farmers in the credit portfolio of cooperative banks is positively correlated with the level of the total solvency ratio and Tier-1 capital ratio, and this correlation is at least of moderate magnitude (H3).The conducted research allows to conclude that: the share of credits for farmers in the total credit portfolio of cooperative banks in Poland is decreasing. It is correlated with the level of assets profitability, the correlation is positive, and its magnitude is at least moderate. Simultaneously, it is negatively correlated with the level of Tier-1 capital ratio. Hence, only two out of three hypotheses have been verified.
Cytowanie	Pawłowska M., Stefański A. (2018) Analiza wpływu rolników jako grupy kredytobiorców na rentowność i bezpieczeństwo banków spółdzielczych w Polsce w latach 2012-2017.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 20(69): 163-171
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2018_n69_s163.pdf

Autor	Jakub Piecuch, Joanna Szarek
Tytuł	Konkurencyjność gospodarki województwa małopolskiego a rozwój ekosystemu startupowego
Title	Competitiveness of the Economy of the Małopolska Region and the Development of the Startup Ecosystem
Słowa kluczowe	konkurencyjność, innowacyjność, startup, ekosystem startupowy
Key words	competitiveness, innovation, startup, startup ecosystem
Abstrakt	W XXI wieku konkurencyjna gospodarka regionu jest gospodarką opartą na wiedzy i nowych technologiach. Przedsiębiorstwa typu startup wraz z ekosystemem startupowym stały się wyznacznikiem innowacyjności regionu. Artykuł ma na celu ukazanie zależności pomiędzy rozwojem krakowskiego środowiska startupowego a wzrostem konkurencyjności województwa małopolskiego. Za podstawowe czynniki oddziałujące na konkurencyjność Małopolski uznano liczbę udzielonych patentów na wynalazki krajowe przez Urząd Patentowy RP, dynamikę zatrudnienia w B+R, nakłady inwestycyjne na B+R, liczbę przedsiębiorstw z kapitałem zagranicznym oraz PKB per capita w cenach bieżących. Po przeprowadzonej analizie korelacji wykazano, że najsilniejsze zależności zachodzą pomiędzy PKB per capita w cenach bieżących a liczbą przedsiębiorstw z kapitałem zagranicznym oraz nakładami inwestycyjnymi na B+R. Główny ośrodek miejski, jakim jest w analizowanym obszarze Kraków, stał się magnesem skupiającym wokół siebie osoby zakładające startupy, budujące innowacyjną gospodarkę oraz całe zaplecze biznesowe. Krakowski ekosystem startupowy ma pozytywny wpływ na konkurencyjność regionu małopolskiego z uwagi na gromadzenie wysoko wykwalifikowanego kapitału społecznego, krajowych i zagranicznych inwestorów, fundacji i instytucji wspierających pomysłodawców w zmaterializowaniu idei, działalności instytucji i administracji publicznej w kierunku współpracy z obszarem nauki i biznesu.
Abstract	In the 21st century, a region's competitive economy is an economy based on knowledge and new technologies. Startups with the startup ecosystem have become a determinant of a region's innovation. The article aims to show the dependence between the development of the Krakow startup environment and the increase in the competitiveness of the Malopolska region. The number of patents granted for national inventions by the Patent Office of the Republic of Poland, the dynamics of employment in R&D, capital expenditures on R&D, the number of enterprises with foreign capital and GDP per capita in current prices were considered the basic factors affecting the competitiveness of Malopolska. After the analysis of the correlation, it was shown that the strongest relationships occur between GDP per capita in current prices and the number of enterprises with foreign capital and investment outlays for R&D. The main city center, which is in the analyzed area of Krakow, has become a magnet for gathering people, creating startups, building an innovative economy and all business facilities. The Krakow startup ecosystem has a positive impact on the competitiveness of the Malopolska region due to the accumulation of highly qualified social capital, domestic and foreign investors, foundations and institutions supporting originators in materializing the idea, activities of institutions and public administration towards cooperation with the science and business area.
Cytowanie	Piecuch J., Szarek J. (2018) Konkurencyjność gospodarki województwa małopolskiego a rozwój ekosystemu startupowego.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 1: 183-193
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n1_s183.pdf

Autor	Jacek Dziwulski
Tytuł	Wpływ poziomu i jakości wiedzy pracowników na zarządzanie kapitałem ludzkim w organizacji usługowej na wybranym przykładzie
Title	IMPACT OF THE LEVEL AND QUALITY OF EMPLOYEES' KNOWLEDGE ON HUMAN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN A SERVICE ORGANIZATION ON A SELECTED EXAMPLE
Słowa kluczowe	pracownik wiedzy, zarzadzanie kapitałem ludzkim, organizacja usługowa.
Key words	knowledge worker, human capital management, service organization.
Abstrakt	W artykule przedstawiono wybrane koncepcje definiowania i strukturalizacji wiedzy. Zidentyfikowano składowe kapitału ludzkiego najbardziej istotne dla obszaru zarządzania wiedzą. Wskazano najistotniejsze elementy zarządzania organizacjami w przyszłości, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zasobów niematerialnych.
Abstract	The article presents selected concepts of defining and structuring knowledge. The components of human capital most important for the area of knowledge management have been identified. The most important elements of managing organizations in the future were indicated, with particular emphasis on intangible assets.
Cytowanie	Dziwulski J. (2018) Wpływ poziomu i jakości wiedzy pracowników na zarządzanie kapitałem ludzkim w organizacji usługowej na wybranym przykładzie.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 19(68): 7-18
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2018_n68_s7.pdf

Autor	Nina Siemieniuk, Tomasz Siemieniuk, Łukasz Siemieniuk
Tytuł	Wybrane aspekty wykorzystania teorii chaosu do wspierania decyzji finansowych
Title	Selected aspects of the use of chaos theory to support financial decisions
Słowa kluczowe	teoria chaosu, rynki kapitałowe, analiza R/S, wykładnik Hursta, wymiar fraktalny
Key words	chaos theory, capital markets, R/S analysis, Hurst exponent, fractal dimension
Abstrakt	Celem publikacji jest omówienie wybranych aspektów teorii chaosu deterministycznego, oraz prezentacja rezultatów badań dotyczących możliwości wykorzystania narzędzi chaosu deterministycznego (wymiaru fraktalnego, wykładnika Hursta) do wspierania decyzji finansowych inwestorów giełdowych na przykładzie wybranych spółek funkcjonujących na Giełdzie Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie. Decyzje finansowe dotyczące inwestowania na rynku kapitałowym są na całym świecie przedmiotem licznych badań i analiz. Wykorzystuje się w nich różne metody i narzędzia badawcze. W celu prognozowania decyzji finansowych konstruowane są rozmaite modele, które nigdy nie dają pełnej pewności sukcesu i są obarczone, zwykle ryzykiem inwestycyjnym. Jedną z nowszych koncepcji wspomagania decyzji finansowych jest teoria chaosu deterministycznego. Cechy charakterystyczne, stany nierównowagi oraz mechanizm sprzężenia zwrotnego w wymiarze czasowym, znajdują swój wyraz w opisie za pomocą dynamicznych systemów nieliniowych.
Abstract	The aim of the paper is to discuss selected aspects of the deterministic chaos theory and to present the results of research on the possibility of using deterministic chaos tools (fractal dimension, Hurst exponent) to support financial decisions of stock investors on the example of selected companies operating on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. Financial decisions on investing in the capital market are the subject of numerous studies and analyzes worldwide. Various methods and research tools are used. In order to forecast financial decisions, various models are constructed that never give full assurance of success and are burdened, usually with investment risk. One of the newer concepts of financial decision support is the theory of deterministic chaos. Characteristics, imbalances and feedback mechanisms in the time dimension find their expression in the description using dynamic non-linear systems.
Cytowanie	Siemieniuk N., Siemieniuk T., Siemieniuk Ł. (2018) Wybrane aspekty wykorzystania teorii chaosu do wspierania decyzji finansowych.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 19(68): 237-247
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2018_n68_s237.pdf

Autor	Alicja Baranowska, Stanisław Kondracki, Daniel Rogoznicki
Tytuł	COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY AS A DETERMINANT OF TRANSFORMATION IN POLISH AGRICULTURE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	rural areas, Common Agricultural Policy, direct payments
Key words
Abstrakt	The impact assessment of the Common Agricultural Policy on transformation process of Polish agriculture following Poland’s accession to European Union has been carried out. The analysis took into account the changes of the Common Agricultural Policy in terms of goals and the directions of its evolution. In the paper the alterations in land, labour and capital resources of Polish agriculture were also analysed. It has been established that funds coming from the Community budget allowed Polish agriculture to adjust to the requirement of new environment. Integration into the European Union has created good conditions to dynamic development of the agri-food sector as a whole. Acceleration of the modernization and restructuring processes of Polish farms has taken place. These developments have resulted in a reduction in the total number of farms (by 52%) at the simultaneous rise in their average area (by 78%). Union financial measures have also influenced on generational renewal amongst farms managers. The funds considerably enhanced farmers’ incomes, which increased by 156%, thus promoting expenditure on investments. As a result the improvement of technical utilities of farms has been achieved. Consequently, labour productivity growth in Polish agriculture has also been recorded. A wide range of measures within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy enables to overcome many obstacles of the rural areas in Poland. It also creates possibilities to take advantage of naturally occurring assets in order to effectively compete on the external market.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Baranowska A., Kondracki S., Rogoznicki D.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s168.pdf

Autor	Emmanuel Essel
Tytuł	IMPACT OF LAND CONFLICT ON AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION: A CASE STUDY OF THE ALAVANYOS AND NKONYAS OF GHANA
Title
Słowa kluczowe	impact, land conflict, agricultural production
Key words
Abstrakt	Conflict largely is and has always been part of all human endeavours, however one particular area where conflict has created problems has been land conflict where tribes owing to their beliefs and cultures feel that lands they occupy has been a heritage property that had been handed down from generation. Land remains an important natural capital for every nation and individuals, and because of this, it is not unusual that there is land conflict across the world, especially in developing nations like Ghana where a huge population depends on agriculture for their livelihood. A case of a protracted land conflict in Ghana is between the people of Nkonya. and Alavanyo. The objective of this paper was to access the impact of land conflict between the Nkonyans and Alavanyos of Ghana on agriculture production. It also professes some recommendations. The paper was conducted as a desk study and the author relied mainly on secondary data.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Essel E.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s182.pdf

Autor	Oleksandra Mandych, Arkadii Mykytas, Liliia Prokopchuk
Tytuł	THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOLAR ENERGY PRODUCTION BY HOUSEHOLDS IN UKRAINE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	solar power, electricity, household electric energy, solar panels, bioeconomics
Key words
Abstrakt	In recent decades considerable attention has been paid to alternative and renewable energy. Among the alternative sources, the sun’s energy is most appealing. Therefore, the development of solar energy, in the long run, is one of the top priorities. In practice, there are numerous barriers to the growth of the solar energy market. First of all, economic: fairly high prices for solar systems and payback period; the absence of working capital from manufacturing enterprises, the absence of specific mechanisms for stimulating production in the form of subsidies, tax exemptions, preferential tariff policies, etc. Therefore, research into the development of solar energy, as a real tool for a comprehensive solution to economic and environmental problems, is becoming increasingly relevant. The paper considers the energy policy of the use of renewable energy sources in rural areas. The theoretically feasible and technically achievable potential of solar energy in the territory of Ukraine was characterized. It was noted that the sun is the most affordable supplier of energy on earth today. The use of solar radiation is expedient for the development of thermal and electric energy and is possible throughout the territory of Ukraine. The dynamics of the commissioning of solar power plants by private households was analysed. The attention is focused on the application of the ‘green’ tariff, which stimulates the increase in the number of solar projects implemented in households. A financial model of private households of choosing a solar power plant option was proposed. The problems were identified and the possibilities of using solar energy for ensuring energy independence of households and profit generation were assessed. The forecast for the development of solar energy of the period up to 2020 was made.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Mandych O., Mykytas A., Prokopchuk L.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s231.pdf

Autor	Volodymyr Kharchenko, Hanna Kharchenko
Tytuł	MODELLING OF INVESTMENT SUPPORT OF USE OF RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	modelling, investment support, capital investment, resource potential, agricultural enterprise
Key words
Abstrakt	In the study the features and dynamics of investment support of Ukrainian agricultural enterprises are investigated. It concerns estimated investment in fixed assets of Ukrainian agrarian enterprises by sources of financing. It is proved that investment support is the most important prerequisite for the effective functioning and development of agricultural enterprises, as it contributes to an increase in resource potential, thus increasing industry efficiency, strengthening the country’s food security, creating preconditions for the development of the social sphere and increasing soil fertility. The main problems of enticing investments in the agrarian sphere are considered. Integral indicators of ensuring and efficiency of the use of resources in agricultural production is calculated. Modelling of investment support for the use of resource potential of agricultural enterprises is carried out. The optimal directions of increase of investment support of use of resource potential of Ukrainian agricultural enterprises are offered.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kharchenko V., Kharchenko H.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s321.pdf

Autor	Malgorzata Kołodziejczak
Tytuł	USE OF AGRICULTURAL SERVICES IN EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES
Title
Słowa kluczowe	agricultural services, European Union
Key words
Abstrakt	The purpose of this paper is to assess the use of agricultural services in European Union countries in the context of selected features of agriculture. The Ward’s Method was used to isolate six typological clusters of European Union countries. It may be noticed that clusters with a high levels of fixed capital consumption and total intermediate consumption are characterized by a higher use of services than other clusters. The absence of a noticeable relation between the share of crop output in the structure of agricultural output, or between the labour input and the use of agricultural services can be explained by differences in natural conditions, traditional farming models and preferences in choosing between developing the farm’s own machinery or using services.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Kołodziejczak M.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n1_s364.pdf

Autor	Katarzyna Bentkowska
Tytuł	THE ROLE OF SOCIAL CAPITAL AND TRUST IN CONTRACTING
Title
Słowa kluczowe	informal institutions, social capital, incomplete contracts
Key words
Abstrakt	The aim of the study is to analyse how the social capital in Poland affects contracting. It’s role is significant as the contracts concluded on the market are incomplete, i.e. they do not regulate all the issues explicitly. The effects of contractual incompleteness can be mitigated by the high level of trust and well-developed social capital. However, the research results show that the level of trust in Poland has been low for years and that social capital remains underdeveloped. It prevents the social capital to fulfil its role as a factor supporting the conclusion of contracts properly. This results in a real loss for enterprises, as part of the transactions is not conducted.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Bentkowska K.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s267.pdf

Autor	Elżbieta Jędrych, Dariusz Klimek
Tytuł	SOCIAL CAPITAL IN THE COMPANY (MEAT AND VEGETABLE PROCESSING INDUSTRY)
Title
Słowa kluczowe	social capital, structure of social capital, value of social capital
Key words
Abstrakt	This article presents the research results of authors on the structure and value of social capital in the company. The research shows that there is a link between a relatively new level of such capital obtained on the basis of questionnaires among company employees analysed and the low value of this capital in the socio-economic approach. The authors also point out the possible ways of improving this level and increasing its financial value. The research was conducted in the first half of 2018, in Pamapol, a joint-stock company, which is one of the biggest companies from the branch of meat and food processing. In the research, the triangulation method of research methods was used, already known in research practice but in an innovative character, mainly referring to the measurement of capital value.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Jędrych E., Klimek D.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s300.pdf

Autor	Aneta Becker, Jarosław Becker
Tytuł	REGIONAL DIFFERENTIATION OF POLAND IN TERMS OF THE DEGREE OF DIGITAL EXCLUSION OF HOUSEHOLDS IN 2017
Title
Słowa kluczowe	ICT, digital divide, households, ELECTRE TRI
Key words
Abstrakt	Nowadays, the digital economy plays a significant role in economic life. It is determined by the intensive development of modern ICT (Information and Communication Technology). Thus, the importance of the information society using techniques of information communication and processing that arose from the connection of other households is increasing. These households participate and form the basis for the process of creating social capital. Therefore, it seems interesting to examine the socio-economic space of Polish households due to the existence of disproportions in ICT development. The article presents the results of the classification of Polish voivodeships in terms of the degree of digital exclusion understood as lack of access or the ability to use ICT in households in 2017. The research used the ELECTRE TRI method, which is an example of a multicriteria decision support method used to classify decision variants based on a relationship of exceedance. The obtained results allowed for the identification of regions that are characterized by the highest degree of exclusion of digital households (the lowest use of ICT). This group includes the following provinces: Podlasie, Lublin and Lubusz. Into the analyses carried out additionally and deliberately introduced the region of Masovia Province without the capital city and separately the region of Warsaw (the capital city), which clearly different from other units. Thus, it served as a reference point in the study, which represents highly urbanized areas of voivodeships characterized by a low degree of digital exclusion.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Becker A., Becker J.
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Pełny tekst	ESARE_2018_n2_s306.pdf

Autor	Oleksii Lyulyov
Tytuł	MACROECONOMIC STABILITY AND SOCIAL PROGRESS IN THE EU MEMBER STATES AND UKRAINE
Title
Słowa kluczowe	economic growth, unemployment, macroeconomic stability, social factors, European Union, Ukraine.
Key words
Abstrakt	The main purpose of the study is the role and influence of social factors on macroeconomic stability. The research is based on the hypothesis that countries with greater macroeconomic stability achieve greater social progress. The integrated index of human capital is proposed as a target for the construction of an appropriate system for monitoring social progress, and in the future – identifying the impact on macroeconomic stability. The main stages of estimating the integral index of human capital are: identification of relevant indicators that will form each of the sub-indices; filtering the selected indicators in the previous stage based on the analysis of the correlation matrix of each of the subindices; normalization of indicators in each of the subindices, calculation of the integral index for each of the subindices, calculation of the final integral index of human capital. The calculations of the integrated capital human capital index for some of the EU countries (Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Croatia, Romania) and Ukraine for the period 2000–2015 allowed us to conclude that Romania and Ukraine were on a marginal level of social progress, while Lithuania, Poland and Croatia in the range of moderate level. The use of the OLS (the least squares) method to determine the significance of changes in social progress to macroeconomic stability has revealed a positive and statistically significant impact of social progress on macroeconomic stability.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Lyulyov O.
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Pełny tekst	AMME_2018_n1_s53.pdf

Autor	Beata Jeżyńska, Radosław Pastuszko
Tytuł	Obrót nieruchomościami rolnymi a prawo Unii Europejskiej
Title	Agricultural Real Estate Trade and European Union Law
Słowa kluczowe	nieruchomości rolne, obrót nieruchomościami, swobodny przepływ kapitału, Unia Europejska
Key words	farm land, real estate, free movement of capital, European Union
Abstrakt	Przedmiotem analizy jest zagadnienie obowiązującego w Unii Europejskiej modelu prawnego określającego zasady obrotu nieruchomościami rolnymi w państwach członkowskich. Podstawową płaszczyznę rozważań stanowi zasada swobodnego przepływu kapitału (art. 63 Traktatu o funkcjonowaniu Unii Europejskiej). Przepisy, które ograniczają swobodny przepływ kapitału mogą być dopuszczone jeżeli są uzasadnione obiektywnymi przesłankami: nadrzędnymi względami interesu ogólnego i zasadą proporcjonalności, co oznacza, że muszą one być właściwe dla zagwarantowania osiągnięcia zamierzonego, zasadnego celu i nie mogą wykraczać poza to, co jest konieczne do jego osiągnięcia.
Abstract	The subject of the analysis is the issue of the legal model in force in the European Union, which defines the principles of trading in agricultural real estate in the Member States. The principle of free movement of capital (Article 63 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union) is a fundamental consideration. Provisions which restrict the free movement of capital may be authorised where they are justified by objective reasons: overriding reasons of general interest and the principle of proportionality, which means that they must be suitable for securing the attainment of the objective pursued and must not go beyond what is necessary in order to attain it.
Cytowanie	Jeżyńska B., Pastuszko R. (2018) Obrót nieruchomościami rolnymi a prawo Unii Europejskiej.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie - Problemy Rolnictwa Światowego, t. 18(33), z. 3: 156-164
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Pełny tekst	PRS_2018_T18(33)_n3_s156.pdf

Autor	Małgorzata Adamska
Tytuł	Czynniki motywacji personelu sprzedażowego w małych i średnich przedsiębiorstwach
Title	MOTIVATION FACTORS FOR SALES PERSONEL IN SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED ENTERPRISES
Słowa kluczowe	kapitał kliencki, personel sprzedażowy, motywacja, system motywacji
Key words	client capital, sales staff, motivation, motivation system
Abstrakt	W artykule zaprezentowane i omówione zostały czynniki motywacji personelu sprzedażowego. Podstawowa teza artykułu skoncentrowana została na omówieniu instrumentów wykorzystanych przez kadrę menadżerską do konstruowania systemu motywacji. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja instrumentów motywacji stosowanych w przedsiębiorstwach z uwzględnieniem kryterium wielkości oraz segmentu rynku i rodzaju klientów. Zidentyfikowane zależności mogą mieć istotny wpływ na przyszły kształt i charakter tworzonych systemów motywacyjnych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem roli personelu sprzedażowego, działającego w bezpośrednim kontakcie z klientami.W autorskich badaniach, dotyczących zarządzania relacjami z klientem, przeprowadzonych metodą CATI wśród małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw w województwie opolskim, podjęte zostały m.in. zagadnienia związane z funkcjonowaniem personelu sprzedażowego odpowiedzialnego za współpracę z kapitałem klientów w tych przedsiębiorstwach.Na podstawie wyników przeprowadzonej kwerendy literaturowej, doświadczeń płynących ze współpracy z przedsiębiorstwami regionu oraz autorskich badań dot. zarządzania relacjami z kapitałem klienckim w sektorze MŚP, opracowane zostały rekomendacje dotyczące działań mających na celu kreowanie zaangażowania personelu sprzedażowego.
Abstract	The article presents and discusses the motivations of sales staff. The basic thesis of the article was focused on discussing the instruments used by the managerial staff to construct the motivation system.The purpose of the article is to identify motivation instruments used in enterprises, taking into account the size criterion as well as market segments and the type of clients. Identified dependencies may have a significant impact on the future shape and nature of the motivation systems, developed with particular emphasis on the role of sales staff operating in direct contact with customers.In the author's research on customer relationship management carried out among small and medium-sized enterprises in the Opolskie voivodship, issues related to the operation of sales staff responsible for cooperation with clients' capital in these enterprises were also undertaken.Based on the results of a literature query, experience from cooperation with regional enterprises and original research on managing customer-relationship relations in the SME sector, recommendations have been developed regarding activities aimed at creating involvement of sales staff.
Cytowanie	Adamska M. (2018) Czynniki motywacji personelu sprzedażowego w małych i średnich przedsiębiorstwach.Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW, Polityki Europejskie, Finanse i Marketing [t.], nr 20(69): 7-19
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Pełny tekst	PEFIM_2018_n69_s7.pdf

Autor	Magdolna Csath
Tytuł	The key to increasing competitiveness is investing into human resources
Title
Słowa kluczowe	fourth industrial revolution, industrial structure, value chain, human resources, education, life-long learning, multidimensional skills
Key words
Abstrakt	This paper focuses attention on the fact that the V4 (Visegrad) countries in general are poorly prepared to capitalize on the opportunities offered by the fourth industrial revolution, and less protected against the risks created by it. First of all economic structural indicators prove that the economies of the V4 countries are still not knowledge based, and can be characterized by low value added activities. In some cases Poland stands out with slightly better results, but all in all V4 countries lag behind the economically more advanced countries for all the analysed indicators. Secondly these countries do not Invest enough into their human resources. The article suggests that unless the V4 countries start putting stronger emphasis on developing human skills and local knowledge they will lose a historic opportunity for becoming successful nations which are able to benefit from the ongoing processes of the fourth industrial revolution by moving up on the value chain.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Csath M.
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Pełny tekst	AMME_2018_n2_s31.pdf

Autor	Seweryn Gajdek
Tytuł	Bitcoin as an example of cryptocurrency – current state and perspectives
Title
Słowa kluczowe	cryptocurrency, bitcoin, cryptography, digital currency
Key words
Abstrakt	The idea of anonymous digital money existing outside of traditional banking system lasts at least 40 years. It appeared as soon as technological solutions, which such a system requires, became available. The article analyses the genesis of the crypto-currencies and technological solutions implemented into the Bitcoin digital currency. The article shows current state of the Bitcoin market and changes in its price, market capitalisation and number of transactions during last decade of operations of the crypto-currency market. Although there are difficulties in using Bitcoins, which include technical background and resulting from the high volatility of prices of this currency, the continuing upward trend of the Bitcoin price and the average daily number of transactions shows that interest in this currency is growing. Bitcoin features that attract new users are a large dose of anonymity, security of funds guaranteed by the extremely high computing power of the Bitcoin network, the speed of transactions and their low cost associated with the exclusion of a financial intermediary. The features of this money and data from the market allow to expect that Bitcoin will gain more individual and institutional users.
Abstract
Cytowanie	Gajdek S.
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Pełny tekst	AMME_2018_n2_s47.pdf